Here&#39;s a concise and helpful guide for &quot;HAP Important Questions&quot; (Human Anatomy and Physiology - BP101T) for B. Pharma 1st Semester, with short-selling descriptions suitable for quick revision or last-minute preparation.
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<h2>HAP (BP101T) Important Questions &ndash; Short Selling Description</h2>
<h3>🧠 Unit 1: Introduction to Human Body</h3>
1. Define anatomy and physiology. 
&rarr; Anatomy: Study of body structures. 
&rarr; Physiology: Study of body functions.
2. Levels of structural organization in the human body 
&rarr; Chemical &rarr; Cellular &rarr; Tissue &rarr; Organ &rarr; System &rarr; Organism.
3. Homeostasis and its importance 
&rarr; Maintains internal stability (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.).
4. Anatomical positions and planes 
&rarr; Standard body posture; planes: sagittal, frontal, transverse.
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<h3>💀 Unit 2: Skeletal System</h3>
1. Functions of the skeletal system 
&rarr; Support, protection, movement, blood cell formation.
2. Classification of bones 
&rarr; Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.
3. Structure of a long bone 
&rarr; Diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum.
4. Types of joints 
&rarr; Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (hinge, ball-and-socket).
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<h3>💪 Unit 3: Muscular System</h3>
1. Types of muscle tissue 
&rarr; Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth (involuntary).
2. Sliding filament theory 
&rarr; Explains muscle contraction via actin and myosin interaction.
3. Neuromuscular junction 
&rarr; Synapse between neuron and muscle fiber.
4. Muscle fatigue 
&rarr; Caused by lactic acid buildup due to anaerobic respiration.
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<h3>❤️ Unit 4: Cardiovascular System</h3>
1. Structure of the heart 
&rarr; 4 chambers: 2 atria, 2 ventricles; valves ensure one-way flow.
2. Cardiac cycle 
&rarr; Sequence: atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole.
3. ECG and its significance 
&rarr; Records electrical activity of heart; P, QRS, T waves.
4. Blood pressure: definition &amp; normal values 
&rarr; Normal: 120/80 mmHg.
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<h3>🩸 Unit 5: Blood and Lymph</h3>
1. Composition of blood 
&rarr; Plasma + formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
2. Functions of blood 
&rarr; Transport, regulation, protection.
3. Blood groups (ABO system) 
&rarr; A, B, AB, O &ndash; based on antigen presence.
4. Hemostasis 
&rarr; Process of blood clotting to prevent bleeding.
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<h3>🫁 Unit 6: Respiratory System</h3>
1. Parts of the respiratory system 
&rarr; Nose &rarr; Pharynx &rarr; Larynx &rarr; Trachea &rarr; Bronchi &rarr; Lungs.
2. Mechanism of breathing 
&rarr; Inspiration (active), expiration (passive).
3. Lung volumes and capacities 
&rarr; TV, IRV, ERV, VC, etc.
4. Gas exchange 
&rarr; Occurs in alveoli by diffusion.
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<h3>🍽️ Unit 7: Digestive System</h3>
1. Organs of the digestive system 
&rarr; Mouth to anus; includes accessory glands.
2. Digestive enzymes and their functions 
&rarr; Amylase, lipase, pepsin, etc.
3. Role of liver and pancreas 
&rarr; Liver: bile production; Pancreas: enzymes, insulin.
4. Absorption of nutrients 
&rarr; Mainly occurs in the small intestine.
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<h3>🧠 Unit 8: Nervous System</h3>
1. Structure of a neuron 
&rarr; Cell body, axon, dendrites.
2. Central vs Peripheral Nervous System 
&rarr; CNS: brain &amp; spinal cord; PNS: nerves.
3. Reflex arc 
&rarr; Involuntary response path: receptor &rarr; sensory &rarr; CNS &rarr; motor &rarr; effector.
4. Functions of brain parts 
&rarr; Cerebrum: thinking, Cerebellum: balance, Medulla: vital functions.
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<h3>🌸 Unit 9: Endocrine System</h3>
1. Endocrine vs Exocrine glands 
&rarr; Endocrine: hormones to blood; Exocrine: ducts.
2. Major endocrine glands &amp; hormones 
&rarr; Pituitary (GH), Thyroid (T3/T4), Adrenal (Adrenaline), Pancreas (Insulin).
3. Hormonal regulation examples 
&rarr; Blood sugar by insulin/glucagon.
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<h3>🧪 Unit 10: Special Senses</h3>
1. Structure of the eye and its parts 
&rarr; Cornea, lens, retina, optic nerve.
2. Mechanism of vision 
&rarr; Light &rarr; retina &rarr; impulses &rarr; brain.
3. Structure of the ear 
&rarr; Outer, middle, inner ear.
4. Hearing mechanism 
&rarr; Vibrations &rarr; cochlea &rarr; nerve signals.

HAP Important Questions | B Pharma 1st Semester ( BP101T)

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